In order to ensure the safety, stability and efficiency of the rapid tunneling system, the structural strength and design rationality of the anchor unit are very important; Firstly, according to the actual working conditions, the mechanical model of the drilling process of the anchor unit is established, and the relationship between the drilling resistance and the resistance moment is obtained; The reliability analysis of the structural strength of the anchor unit is carried out by ANSYS, and the rationality of the structural design is verified; By constructing the drill pipe vibration model in the drilling process, using ABAQUS to analyze the modal law of the anchor unit under the prestress, and combining with MATLAB to solve the lateral vibration displacement, velocity and acceleration in the drilling process, it is verified that the velocity and acceleration of the drill pipe can be used as the numerical characteristics to judge the coal and rock properties when drilling in different rock layers; The structure of the anchor unit is optimized by using the designexpander optimization module. The quality of the optimized anchor unit is reduced by 6.24% under the condition that the stress, deformation and resonance frequency meet the requirements, and the optimization of the anchor unit structure is realized; Through the similar test of anchor drilling, the optimized anchor parts can meet the strength requirements; When drilling in different surrounding rocks, the vibration response of the drill rod for anchor drilling is obvious. This conclusion can be used as the theoretical basis for coal rock identification, and provides the precondition for automatic anchor.